Which aspect of crash costs includes the impacts on societal wellbeing?

The correct choice reflects an understanding of how societal wellbeing is measured in terms of health outcomes and the overall impact on individuals and communities. Quality adjusted life years (QALYs) is a metric that quantifies the value of health outcomes by considering both the length of life and the quality of life. This approach captures not only the economic impact of crashes but also the broader effects on individuals' health and quality of life, which are critical for understanding the full implications of road safety issues.

Societal wellbeing encompasses more than just direct economic implications; it includes psychological, emotional, and social dimensions of health that are affected by crashes. QALYs provide a holistic view of these impacts, making it a vital tool in assessing the efficacy of road safety measures and policies. By using this metric, stakeholders can prioritize interventions that improve not only economic conditions but also enhance overall societal health and wellbeing.